Subterranean Modernity
The last place you’d expect to find good design is the subway.
By Paul Goldberger
June 2004
The centennial of the New York City subway system this year has
engendered a lot of nostalgia about the glories of the past, from the
old wicker seats to the elaborate mosaic station signs. Most of the talk
centers on how warm and gracious these elements were, the implication
being that in today’s harsh bureaucratically driven underground
environment we can’t possibly do things as nicely as we once did.
Nonsense. Not only is it better to sit on a hard plastic seat in an
air-conditioned car with an electronic sign that lists every stop than
to sit on a wicker seat in a stifling car that is marked only with its
final destination, but I’m also more comfortable on subway platforms
than I once was. Why? Many of them contain a piece of furniture that I
think is one of the best things in New York’s public realm: long
solid benches constructed of red oak, beautifully designed and
surprisingly comfortable, which have been in the subways since 1980.
Nobody pays much attention to these benches, but they’re absolutely
wonderful.
Most public seating in large cities is rigid, inflexible, and generally
uncomfortable. For years William H. Whyte, the philosopher-king of urban
public space, argued that loose movable chairs encourage social
discourse and create a more relaxed environment. But transit bureaucrats
have tended to ignore his advice in favor of the reality that fixed
furniture is easier to clean, manage, and keep track of. Nobody can say
that New York’s subway benches are flexible in the manner of
Whyte’s ideal chairs—they are so solid and heavy that they
make a park bench seem light by comparison—but for all their
massiveness they exude an almost domestic air, more like a sofa than a
church pew. What is more surprising is that when you sit on them, they
even feel more like sofas than church pews. They look hard but feel
soft. It is the opposite of the molded plastic seats in subway cars,
which look soft and feel hard.
There is something surprisingly modern about the subway bench. For all
its solidity, it seems to consist of floating planes—the solid seat
and slightly angled back piece are the main ones. It is De Stijl on
steroids, although what it really reminds me of proportionally are the
old Knoll platform sofas from the early 1950s. These sofas were
upholstered, of course, as well as lower and visually much lighter, but
there is a distant resemblance to these subway benches, and I find it
oddly comforting. Midcentury Modern morphs into subway
furniture—not in a self-consciously retro way, but in the form of
something tough and utilitarian.
The dark finish on the oak gives the benches a depth and resonance that
serve as a counterpoint to the light, almost floating modernity. The
design is a variant of a model created by the Port Authority in 1973 for
stations on the Path transit line and for waiting areas in the Port
Authority Bus Terminal. The first ones were made by the Hudson Design
Service in Jersey City, and they seated four people. Later the design
was stretched to ten feet to accommodate six, which actually made the
proportions better. At that length it looks sleek instead of stubby.
Since 1987 the benches have also been manufactured by Theodore G. Bayer
& Sons in Pennsylvania, which estimates that it has made roughly
4,000 of them. Since 1997 the benches have been made with high dividers
to demarcate the six individual seats, a gesture that may provide users
with a sense that they are occupying a small piece of dedicated turf,
but that really exists to make it impossible for anyone to lie down
across the length of it and sleep.
Part of the pleasure of this object is the surprise of seeing wood in
the subway. Years ago there were wooden benches in the subway, but they
were clunky, uncomfortable things with none of the visual appeal or
comfort of these. (I remember some of them painted blue and chipping
badly, looking like forlorn benches in the dugout of an old Little
League baseball field.) Given the pressures on the subway environment,
you would expect that if there were any public seating, it would be made
of galvanized steel or of some impenetrable new synthetic. I continue to
wonder why these wooden benches haven’t been chipped away at. Why
haven’t they worn down or been carved up? I’d like to think
that it’s the power of the built environment—that if you give
people a public realm designed with respect, they will treat it with
respect. In the absence of any evidence to the contrary, I choose to
believe that these benches prove the point.
There is another reason these benches work in the subway. Most benches
are fairly useless as far as multiple seating is concerned, for the
reasons Whyte explained long ago. You can’t move them. They work
much better for individuals than groups. Two people can converse with
moderate comfort on a bench, but it is awkward for more. Park benches
often function as borders along pathways, defining the line between
walkway and lawn, as much as usable seating. On the subway, however, the
turf is simple, the need is clear, and people are more likely to be
alone—certainly more likely than when they are on a relaxed stroll
through Central Park—and so benches make perfect sense. When you
sit on a subway platform, you are not looking to communicate. It is you
and your anxieties—or perhaps you and the New York
Post—not you and someone you’re looking to have a
leisurely chat with.
These wooden benches are not coy or cute. That, in the end, is why I
like them most of all: they are not trying to take us somewhere else, to
turn the subway into a theme park of sweet design. They are tough in a
New York way, but they are not nasty in a New York way. I like that
balance—strong, accommodating, and sturdy but not severe. Not many
pieces of design could be described that way, and the last place I would
have expected to find one of them would be a subway platform. |
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Funtional, proportional, and comfortable, New York’s
subway-platform benches are excellent public furniture. Made from wood,
when one might resonably expect a more durable inorganic material, the
benches are largely unscarred by their hostile environment. |
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