development
ah, um, wilderness? In this overrun age, the natural, pristine area has been redefined--and an abandoned thoroughfare runs through it.
by Dan Koeppel
Alaska's Izembek Wilderness is populated by emperor geese, tundra swan,
and caribou. But how do you know a wilderness if you can't see it? The
answer, according to Alaska senator Ted Stevens: build a road through
it. In October, the Senate voted to allow the construction of the
27-mile, $29 million gravel road. Paving the way, however, might inspire
even a Land Cruiser full of geese-peepers to ask: Whither wilderness? Is
backcountry with easy, automotive access still backcountry?
On a fully explored planet, the idea of wilderness is intensely romantic
and absolutely anachronistic. According to the National Wilderness
Preservation Act of 1964, wilderness is "untrammeled by man,
providing solitude and the free flow of natural conditions." The
concept--a dreamy one, but, just 25 years later, unrealistic and under
constant assault by development and recreational interests--was to
protect areas by allowing for accessibility only via primitive
means.
It's the inverse of today's national parks, which are actively designed
for tourism. More than 104 million acres of U.S. land are officially
designated as wilderness by the federal government--so we're not talking
untouched, unseen, virgin territory. We've built this backcountry; it's
as managed as a mall, as zoned as a corporate campus. If a wilderness
area is pristine, it's by design. If it's untouched, then the fence
enclosing it isn't hard to find. Every outhouse on the
government-designated land is constructed to government-designated
outhouse specs.
Official wilderness areas turn out to be anything but wild. But if we've
pragmatically abandoned the "untrammeled" ideal, has the
definition been stretched so far that the gourmet coffee chain at the
mall could be said to be "providing solitude and the free flow of
natural conditions"?
The if-you-build-it, wilderness-will-come philosophy has spawned some
oddly rendered and hopeful idylls. In California's Trinity Alps, a
donut-shaped wilderness was wrapped around Camp Unalayee, ringing the
multi-culti summer camp with a protected area as suspect as a
gerrymandered political district. Other official wilderness areas
contain roads, mines, pipelines, shopping centers, paths for
motorcycles, and residential subdivisions. "There are many
different perceptions of what a wilderness is," says William
Cronon, an environmental historian and author of Uncommon Ground:
Rethinking the Human Place in Nature (1996).
No matter what our individual wild ideas are, there's a shared sad irony
to these modern, administrated Edens. In the most recently designated
federal wilderness--the Mojave Desert--782,000 acres are owned by the
Catellus Corporation, one of the largest real estate developers in
California. In Vermont's Green Mountain National Forest, the U.S. forest
service proposed a wilderness that contained both a road and logging
access. In some wilderness areas, excessively concrete
elements--abandoned thoroughfares and structures--are simply left to
decay.
"The core of any wilderness is a place that is largely pristine and
identifiable on a map," says Jay Watson, who helps draft
designations for the Wilderness Society. Once an area is declared a
wilderness, initial boundaries are determined by federal agencies or
citizen groups. Then the adjustments begin. "You start excluding
areas that contain facilities and structures that aren't compatible with
the idea." Maps are notoriously inaccurate, and parking lots, even
old houses, have been discovered within existing wildernesses. Other
times, the map shows something that isn't there: In Utah, more than
700,000 acres of designated wilderness have just been remapped by
federal officials--complete with the appearance of nonexistent roads.
The new thoroughfares are part of a proposal now before Congress to
undesignate and develop the Wasatch-Cache National Forest.
Still, the best wildernesses encompass the wildest places left in the
world. That some of them have become more Waldenbooks than Walden
shouldn't be surprising, nor should it be reason to abandon the concept.
Anti-wilderness forces are working hard enough at that already: This
summer, Congress agreed that 12,000 acres of Idaho wilderness could be
used by the military for ordnance testing. "Even if people imagine
wilderness as the most natural of categories," says Cronon,
"it isn't."
electronic commerce
online dasher... MoMA's Web shop delivers the toys even
faster than eight tiny reindeer.
by Lia Mehos
Hard to say where's a worse place to be smushed against strangers at
holiday time: store or museum. Reap the gifts of both--peacefully online
alone, rather than physically on line next to The Phlegmy Coughing
Man--with the MoMA Online Store at www.moma.org. There, all 225 of the goods
sold in the New York Museum of Modern Art's Design Store can be shopped
for around-the-clock, purchased, gift-wrapped (and carded), and shipped
in five to eight business days. So, while not a creature is stirring,
secret-Santa you can be buying Marc Newson chronographs and Philippe
Starck flyswatters.
An offshoot of the award-winning MoMA Web site designed in 1996 by Oven
Digital, the Online Store was developed by Silicon Alley e-commerce
experts Pixelpark USA. The store features custom browsing and themed
tours, so you can call up your favorite Cubist, list products by price,
and search by parameters as specific as an American desktop accessory
for under $20. A sampling of the decidedly un-misfit toys: textile
"mesh" bowls by Chilewich ($40--$75); a motorized replica of
the MoMA Ferrari ($495) for the racy toddler; and select pieces of
furniture, including Raul Barbieri's ergonomic "Banco Desk"
and Ron Arad's "Bookworm" bookshelf.
archaeology
holiday trash-talk Scientists sift through a heap of leftovers to read the rubbish, from Anasazi--to Asti Spumanti!--artifacts.
by D.K.
"A family living in a southern Colorado double-wide celebrates
Thanksgiving. They roast a Butterball turkey, garnishing it with Stove
Top stuffing and OceanSpray cranberry sauce. To wash it down, well,
cheers to Asti Spumanti. Dessert? Mrs. Smith's Pumpkin Custard Pie.
After the meal, the celebrants toss bones, remnants of packaging,
disposable dishware, and another dozen pounds of refuse.
A thousand years pass. An archaeologist shows up, digs a hole, and
discovers the remains of the twentieth-century meal.
"Jackpot!" says Andrew Duff, who is standing by his own hole,
pulling garbage from the dirt. There's an old whiskey bottle. A pop-top
beer can. Turkey bones.
"The beer can's 1950s or '60s," says Duff, a field researcher
with Crow Canyon Archaeological Center in Cortez, Colorado. He notes
that the pop-top era is tightly defined, bookended by the postwar demise
of the church-key opener and the introduction of the stay-on pull tab in
the early 1970s. The whiskey bottle's age can't be immediately
determined, but a bottle hunting guide could settle that. The turkey
bones are an open question. The Anasazi, a native group who lived in the
area from around 700 BC, were big turkey-eaters, but the bones could
easily have been discarded by later residents: Navajos, Utes,
homesteaders, farmers, trailer dwellers.
Archaeology is about garbage. Middens--the trash heaps left by native
people--are gold mines for determined diggers. "When you're trying
to find out how people lived," says Duff, "refuse can be very
diagnostic."
An Anasazi hole in the ground is one thing, but today's
middens--towering landfills surrounding modern communities--provide a
little too much trashy information. (The jumbled nature of such
centralized refuse heaps makes it difficult to know if you or your
neighbor gnawed on a particular bone.)
Landfills are like garbage museums. Even the most biodegradable
packaging stands a good chance of outlasting eternity when buried in an
airtight, ultra-compacted pit. Today's tourists can visit Colorado's
Mesa Verde National Park, just above Crow Canyon, and pass dozens of
ancient middens; millennia from now, the curious might be able to tunnel
through an excavated Fresh Kills, New York's finest mountain of rubbish,
and marvel at perfectly preserved Pringles canisters and Pampers.
On an autumn evening, after coming in from the field, Duff heads to the
Cortez City Market. He inspects the mythical trailer-dwellers' feast.
The pie tin, the plastic-coated Stove Top canister, and the OceanSpray
all contain numeric identifiers that could establish dates and places of
origin. The imported Asti bottle--which idicates volume in liters,
instead of in ounces as the other products do--evidences cross-cultural
commerce, much as the presence of North Dakota flint in Anasazi ruins
does.
But many elements of a modern Thanksgiving feast just won't show up in
the trash. The Butterball, for example, is "a thoroughly modern
bird, making the best celebrations very convenient," according to
company spokeswoman Amy Bortz. Basically, the factory takes the artifact
potential out of its poultry: For one, drumsticks are tucked under the
bird's skin, so that old-fashioned metal clips aren't necessary. And
Butterball's "deep basting" of the bird, separation and
individual wrapping of the innards, and removal of leg tendons for easy
carving won't make the archaeological record.
Luckily, modern consumers are better documented than the Anasazi. We're
not exactly sure what they did when they gathered in subterranean kivas
for ceremonies, but our rituals are recorded to excess, from
advertisements to newspapers to home videos of boozy Uncle Larry carving
the bird. Ancient cultures didn't categorize and tag future artifacts.
Our compulsively databased society has already done that, so this year,
in addition to blessing health and happiness, give thanks to the bar
code, for with it comes immortality.
watering holes
girl in the bubbles Designer Clare Nelson puts the fizz into London's traditional Corney and Barrow champagne lounges.
by Tanya Jensen
Corney and Barrow opened their first champagne bar in 1780 on London's
Old Broad Street. It was the quintessential gentlemen's champers lounge:
dark mahogany paneling, plump cushioning, and rich, heavy fabrics to
complement, naturally, the finest in champagnes, wines, and cigars.
But now that Corney and Barrow, along with the rest of the city, is
experiencing a renaissance (hey, has anyone heard that London is
swinging again?), Clare Nelson of Nelson Design has been commissioned to
metamorphose the Corney and Barrow flagship with a contemporary look for
the next generation of champagne swillers.
Nelson's first remodel for the chain--St. Martin's Lane, overlooking
Trafalgar Square--opened in August; Old Broad Street, the latest space
for which Nelson relaxed the trademark Corney and Barrow opulence,
opened last month. The bar area is laid out on two levels and has a
limestone floor and hand-finished Italian stucco plaster walls; the bar
itself is stainless steel topped with arctic blue granite.
"My aim was to create a light and spacious lounge, but with
elements of richness grounded in natural materials such as limestone and
granite," says Nelson. "It's a comfortable, modern contrast to
the Corney and Barrow of days gone by."
Nelson has been appointed to redesign a total of three Corney and Barrow
bars in different parts of the city, and she intends to diversify their
image even more by specializing the design of the individual spaces.
"It is unusual for a London chain to change their look with each
location, but it was something I really wanted to do," she says.
"Every Corney and Barrow bar will have its own identity."
Should the space itself not transport you enough, drinking in the
surroundings is strongly encouraged. There are 14 champagnes and 59
wines to select from --38 of which are available by the glass. Break
out the Bollie, sweetie.
movies action architects From the fountainhead of Hollywood, Roark-level hubris is rereleased at a theater near you.
by Pilar Guzman
Take Philip Marlowe, only with an Aero lamp fetish, or The Duke
contemplating Pythagoras in a bow tie, and what do you get?
Hollywood's hippest rebel, the Lone
Architect. Noir yet cultivated, insouciant (but neat), the maker of
the skyscraping phallus has replaced the detective, the cowboy--even the
ad executive who sports a Nicole Miller tie--in the role of leading man.
As home stores mainstream aesthetic interests and design-savvy becomes
increasingly desirable in a mate, architects are starring with a
ruthlessness not seen since The Fountainhead. The legacy of Howard
Roark's sexy hubris touches even the untouchable Hitchcock: in the
upcoming remake of Rear Window, Jeff (played by Christopher Reeve) is an
architect instead of the photographer he originally was. Coincidence? We
know what Ayn Rand would say. Or just ask Mary, as in Something About,
what her dream date does for a living.
gifts
troy to the world The (lord!) $85-and-under high-design catalogue has come.
by T.J.
Troy, the spendy Soho "Gallery for the home," has compiled a
holiday catalogue containing a dozen gifts, one for each day of
Christmas. "I searched for a year to find special things within a
reasonable price range," says Troy Halterman, who founded the
exclusive store in 1995. Considering that Troy has a $12,000 Fritz
Henningson chair for sale--one of 12 ever produced--the miracle perhaps
deserving its own holiday is that the catalogue items really are
reasonable. The biggest-sticker item is a Troika travel desk clock that
costs $85. An anti-roll pen cylinder, also by Troika, sets you back $32,
and the least expensive item is an Arttikel nickel-plated yo-yo for
$29.
Purchase any of these objects and Troy wraps it in style. "The gift
will hang in the middle of a Pop Art box," says Halterman.
"The wrapping itself is a gift." Lest you worry that Troy has
gotten too generous with the people, there is a guest mailing list and a
limited number of catalogues. To request one, call (212) 941-4777.
law
tag games
Anti-graffiti forces hit the wall when one young artist for free speech paints a pig.
by Andrew Tilin
Even in anything-goes Venice, California, graffiti must go. When city
officials invited nearly 100 young artists to spray-paint a mural at a
municipal pavilion, it was embraced as a lefty-leaning civic
improvement. Basking in the gesture, just yards from the boardwalk,
23-year-old participant Richard Taylor squirted out an angry pig in a
cop uniform who's beating a kid holding a can of spray paint--and
outspoken became over-the-top. Neighborhood and police organizations
howled, and now, some 16 months after the Krylon dried, the conflict
that the mural started may not be resolved until a federal court date in
February. Taylor has conceded the ultimate loss of the serve-and-protect
swine. But, funny enough, his proposed replacement--a boar chasing
immigrants--has also been rejected by Los Angeles brass, and the artist
is suing for violation of his First Amendment rights. "What's
unreal about the controversy is that the pavilion is smack-dab in the
middle of a celebration of free speech," says Niki Tennant, a
spokeswoman for Los Angeles city government. "Venice is the last
place you'd think would lack tolerance for graffiti."
Well, welcome to the burgeoning graffiti-intolerance club. Graffiti, its
foes like to say, is art when you spray it on your own property but a
crime everywhere else, and it's currently being eradicated like never
before. One estimate has the United States spending $15 billion this
year battling graffiti and related vandalism. In Southern California,
the Multiagency Graffiti Intervention Committee, an L.A.--county
cooperative that includes law enforcement and transit authorities, pays
$42 million annually to remove unwelcome "pieces" and
"tags" from walls, buses, and trains in 88 cities. Chicago
spends approximately $4 million a year removing graffiti, "and it's
just about the most popular money spent by the city," says Terry
Levin, of the Department of Street and Sanitation. "Last fall we
cleaned our 400,000th building."
But no government office follows graffiti-removal stats with the zeal of
New York's mayor, Rudolph Giuliani. From July of 1994 through 1997, the
city's Department of Transportation carefully measured some 21.5 million
square feet of eliminated gloss and scribble--lending a linear measure
to Giuliani's "quality of life" improvements. "The city
was so covered that it had become a walking advertisement to paint more
graffiti," says the mayor's press secretary, Colleen Roche.
"Nobody wants to live where there's a written invitation to deface
property."
Some entrepreneurs are taking to the anti-graffiti crusade like a tagger
to a blank municipal wall. Scores of fledgling companies now provide the
equipment, labor, and materials to paint, blast, and coat surfaces in
aiding the cause. "Wherever there's a marked surface, there's a
business opportunity," says Frank Castellano, president and CEO of
Antek International in Valencia, California. Despite the fact that
Castellano still answers Antek's phones ("We've been able to do a
lot more without office expenses," admits the
insurance-marketer-cum-graffiti-stopper), his company has gone public,
and he's hoping to do $100 million in business within five years.
For the graffitiati, however, the coast-to-coast whitewash represents
the demise of spray and be seen. "I'll give this to Giuliani: He's
doing a damn good job keeping the highways from looking dumpy,"
says Per One, a longtime Bronx graffiti artist with another name and a
day job. "But there's no satisfaction when you hit a subway train
and it's immediately taken from service and buffed out. The stuff just
don't ride around." A Miami artist known as Raven, who publishes
the graffiti zine 12 Ounce Prophet, insists that society is wielding a
deaf ear: "These kids are often lost and trying to create an
identity. The graffiti-removal movement is about making everything look
pretty regardless of what's going on beneath the surface."
The importance of not being obscured is the same point being stressed by
supporters of the ACLU-backed Taylor, creator of the uniformed pig art.
Indeed, their unlawful censure suit against Venice is so strong that
city government may wiggle free with an out-of-court compromise. But in
a manner, the case has already been settled: Taylor's infamous image has
been tagged by others, dishonoring a rule among artists not to deface
sizable works with more graffiti. The removal of that paint hasn't
happened so quickly.